Katherine Mansfield A Cup of Tea Essay

I really like â€Å"A Cup of Tea† a lot. It, among other things, does a brilliant job of depicting matrimonial jealousy and insecurity. Our lead character is a very wealthy young woman, Rosemary, seemingly recently married. Her time is largely taken up with looking for ways to spend money. As the story opens she has just bought a small box in an exquisite shop, the cost is about six months pay for an ordinary working man of the time Rosemary has been reading Dostoevsky lately and when she is approached by a very bedraggled looking young woman asking for the price of a cup of tea she is at first put off but then she decides to have a bit of an adventure. She invites the girl to come home with her. The girl is so hungry she overcomes her fear at talking with someone so far above her station in life and agrees to go with Rosemary. So Rosemary takes her home feeling a triumph as she nets a little captive. It’s evident that Rosemary is just playing with a prey like a cat does.”†Now, I got you†. Rosemary is longing to be generous and is going to prove that as Mansfield writes ‘wonderful things do happen in life, in the life of the upper class, to which Rosemary is a fine example, and it seems that the only things she cares about are her feelings and amusement. After they arrive at the house the action starts in Rosemary’s bedroom. Mansfield is trying to underline Rosemary’s status â€Å"the fire leaping on her wonderful lacquer furnitureÂ’, ‘gold cushionsÂ’ all these things dazed the poor girl†. Rosemary on her part was very relaxed and pleased; she lit a cigarette instead of taking proper care of Miss Smith. By the way her name is not even mentioned yet, like it’s of no importance at all. We can find the girl on the brink of the psychological despair. Rosemary can’t face the reality the poor as it is; Rosemary Fell sees everything in rose-coloured spectacles, through the filter of the upper class society. And it looks if not pathetic then quite sad. But after the marvelous meal our creature transforms into something undeniably attractive Ââ€" “frail creature, a kind of sweet languor. And for Rosemary it’s high time to begin. Instead of asking her name or other decent question Rosemary’s firstly was interested in her meal, it is quite impolite. The Philip enters, smiling his charming smile and asks his wife to come in to the library. He requires explanations from his wife, learning that the girl is as Rosemary says ‘a real pick upÂ’ that Rosemary wanted “to be nice to her. Philip guesses what is all about shows his remonstrance against the idea ‘it simply can’t be done. And then he uses his heavy artillery Ââ€" calls miss Smith ‘†so astonishingly pretty†. He knows it will do some harm to his wife. These words immediately heat jealousy in Rosemary’s veins up. “†Pretty? Do you think that?†Ã‚” and she could help blushing. â€Å"She’s absolutely lovely!†Ã‚” Rosemary looses her temper. She recollects his words over and over. And all leads to the phrase â€Å"Miss Smith won’t dine with us tonight†. Rosemary is eager to retain her husband’s attention. Rosemary seems to be so distant from poverty but on the other hand she doesn’t have anything really valuable, like a basement to lead such glorious life in this world : no taste, no wish to see the world in the raw, sometimes no manners, and perhaps even no prettiness. That’s why she is trying to have things and do things which would help to retain the status like knowing more about the poor and having beautiful things to be associated with. To put in a nutshell the story is reach in different stylistic devices and I think conveys a distinct and valuable message. The story, â€Å"A Cup of Tea† tells us how people show generosity to people whom they consider their inferior. People do so partly to show off their superiority to the poorer beings. Generosity in most cases is only to satisfy one’s ego. The story shows how generosity and benevolence evaporates when the object of pity goes against one’s self interest, ego and vanity.

Types of Power in a Negotiation

What are the five types of power? Referent- power that comes from admiration or respect from others subject to such power Reward- power that comes from using rewards as a way to get things accomplished Legitimate- having a title that grants power, such as CEO Expert- power that comes from having supreme knowledge of the subject Coercive – using punishment as a way to get things done Consider a negotiation with which you are familiar. What parties were identified? Who had power or influence? Explain why.I personally don't find myself negotiating through situations on a daily basis, my work environment is very fast-paced and we usually make decisions very quickly. But I can definitely see these types of power struggles in a family situation or even a marriage. Personally I know I have used the reward and coercive powers to get my kids to do things. Being a parent also gives that legitimate power, I am MOM therefore what I say goes. Based on your experience with a negotiation, ho w does having one or more of the five types of power affect the dynamics of the negotiation?I would have to say that at work our team Leader beyond having legitimate power, he also has referent and expert power. During department meetings to discuss methods to improve our efficiency we all give our feedback and go back and forth with our ideas. It is his knowledge of the company and years of experience that usually provide the most efficient approach to improving our dept. Having the respect from everyone in the department as well as other co-workers initiates the negotiation towards a productive solution.

Discussion document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion document - Essay Example He believes in handling challenges head on and rolls up his sleeves to handle the same rather than delegating people to accomplish such tasks for him. He is the ideal leader because rather than him being a boss, he is a team player that has made him to earn respect among those that he works with and also those that he trains. Hal Bagley works mostly with his wife, Baadrea in the many training projects as both of them also head the LGT Executive Coaching. Both of them bring different skills to the table as she focuses on enhancing personal growth and interpersonal skills for clients, which is an essential part of the training program. Therefore, Hal credits most of his success to team effort as working alone can never be a key to achieving the major milestones that one seeks to achieve in the corporate world. Other than being involved in training the leadership of top performing companies and a number of non-profit leadership boards, the Bagleys also run a non profit organization that seeks to give stability to single parents together with their children. The organization is run by a group of about 200 volunteers headed by an executive director and board of directors, which is impacting the lives of hundreds in a significant way. Hal is not involved in improving the corporate world, but he also seeks to help those that that are the bottom of the ladder. So far Bagley’s results from the corporate trainings include influencing the streamlining of employees of an organization, which in turn has helped in simplifying audits by up to 5 times. Further, Hal helped with the integration of privately owned company with a Fortune 100 company, which led the 200 person, company increasing from $36M to $72 million in just two years. Additionally, this company through the guidance of Bagley was able to successfully implement HR systems, IT systems program management processes and AS9100 certification among a list of other

Social Phenomena Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Phenomena - Essay Example Each of these views relies upon more or less legitimate arguments and evidence, but neither of them is flawless. Functionalist perspective still remains arguably the most influential tool for understanding the phenomenon of deviant behavior. Since the term 'deviant behavior' is rather broad, only two types of social deviance will be closely analyzed within this project: crime and suicide. Functionalist explanation of the causes and social outcomes of these types can lead us to understanding of functionalist perspective on deviant behavior in general. Emile Durkheim, the famous French sociologist of the 19th - 20th century, was probably the first scholar to adopt the logic of the functional approach studying the phenomenon of deviant behavior. Thus, Durkheim claimed, "When . . . the explanation of a social phenomenon is undertaken, we must seek separately the efficient cause which produces it and the function it fulfills. We must determine whether there is a correspondence between the fact under consideration and the general needs of the social organism, and in what this correspondence consists" (Durkheim, 1930 in Coser, 1977: 143). Ut Utilizing these principles Durkheim focused on the way a society stimulates individuals demonstrate deviant behavior than on individual characteristics of those whom demonstrate such behavior, though majority of sociologists of those days viewed crime, suicide, and other forms of social deviance as an outcome of inborn psychological characteristics of the individual. Durkheim considered such approach flawed. Instead, the scholar argued that deviance in general and crime in particular was by no means abnormal or dangerous for the society: "Crime is normal, an inevitable and necessary part of every society [although] it may take abnormal forms, such as when the crime rate is unusually high (Durkheim, 1961: 872). Durkheim's views on another form of deviance - suicide - were absolutely the same. "La Suicide" was the third major work of Emile Durkheim. This book was the first sociological research that established the traceable empiric connection between the phenomenon of individual suicide and social environment, and defined certain social functions of suicide. In the end of the 19th century suicide or self-destruction was considered a form of deviant behaviour that occurred in insane individuals. Durkheim challenged this traditional standpoint that suicide was an unpreventable pathology. Instead, he provided " a sociological explanation for a phenomenon traditionally regarded as exclusively psychological and individualistic" (Thompson, 1982: 109). In fact, Durkheim formulated the founding principles of functionalist perspective on deviance precisely in his study of suicide. Even today, despite abundance of recent studies, Durkheim's work remains the most significant sociological analysis of s uicide in modern societies. Suicide is a complex phenomenon that can be caused by numerous factors. Many reasons both individual and social have been demonstrated to have certain correlation with self-destructive

The Effects of shift work on employee's and their family Essay

The Effects of shift work on employee's and their family - Essay Example Why, however, point out the nature of shift work in such detail? When employees work these dramatically difficult hours for the sake of industry, it tends to put constant stress on the household, including the domestic marriage and, when applicable, the children as well. It is important to highlight that shift work not only affects the industrial worker, it also impacts individuals in law enforcement and various other forms of employment. Hence, problems in the home with extended shift working and rotational schedules can be cited as a widespread issue in today’s society. Shift workers and their family members experience significant domestic complications as a direct result of shift work, negatively impacting the quality of life for many households. It is relatively common knowledge that the average person requires six to eight hours of uninterrupted sleep, somewhat consistently, in order to function at their fullest potential. This includes issues of a well-adjusted metabolism, a positive immune response, and even mental health and well-being (Weiten & Lloyd, 2005). Oftentimes, when an individual works long shifts throughout the average workweek, the demands of the household make it virtually impossible to find quality time and relaxation after a difficult work day. In many instances, in households with younger children and increased family obligations, six to eight hours of uninterrupted sleep is next to impossible to achieve. Studies have suggested that sleep deprivation is often linked to the difficulties of adjusting to shift work, with larger health outcomes including depression and increased anxiety (Morris & Maisto, 2005). All of these health-related issues impact the family when tensions run high within the household o r when health matters require attention and medical expenses increase. Businesses, today, put a great deal of demands and stress on their employees as they drive them to assist in building higher productivity

Development of hndwriting skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Development of hndwriting skills - Essay Example The functionl skill of hndwriting supports the cdemic tsk of writing nd llows students to convey writ ten informtion legibly nd efficiently, while ccomplishing written school ssignments in timely mnner. Hndwriting consumes much of student's school dy. McHle nd Cermk (2002) exmined the mount of time llocted to fine-motor ctivities nd the type of fine-motor ctivities tht school-ged children were expected to perform in the clssroom. In their study of six clsses, consisting of two clsses from grdes 2, 4, nd 6 in middle-income public schools, they found tht 31% to 60% of the children's school dy consisted of fine-motor ctivities. Of those fine-motor tsks, 85% of the time consisted of pper nd pencil tsks, indicting tht students my possibly spend up to one qurter to one hlf of their clssroom time engged in pper nd pencil tsks. Occuptionl therpists re frequently sked to evlute hndwriting when it interferes with student's performnce of written ssignments. In fct, poor hndwriting is one of the most common resons for referring school-ged children for occuptionl therpy (Cermk, 1991; Chndler, 1994; Oliver, 2002; Reismn, 1991). The role of the occuptionl therpist is to view the student's performnce, in this cse hndwriting, by focusing on the interction of the student, the school environment, nd the school occuption. Review of Literture Development of hndwriting skills Hndwriting is complex skill, requiring the mturtion nd integrtion of cognitive, visul perceptul, nd fine motor skills. The smll muscles of the hnd follow developmentl progression of prehension nd grsp through infncy, toddlerhood, nd the preschool yers to prepre child to grsp nd mnipulte writing instrument. child's erly experiences with scribbling pve the wy for imitting nd copying lines nd circles in the preschool yers. Eye-hnd coordintion, visul perception, uditory perception, directionlity, sequencing, nd memory lso develop with mturtion nd experience in the erly yers nd re thought to be the underlying components required for hndwriting (mundson & Weil, 2001). Despite the developmentl trends of the component skills, the ctul skill of hndwriting requires forml instruction t school. Culturlly determined conventions of writing re tught nd prcticed in vrying degrees in the school environment. Hndwriting instruction Concurrent with qulittive nlysis of hndwriting, the occuptionl therpist nlyzes the sensorimotor, cognitive, nd psychosocil performnce components tht my be interfering with the child's hndwriting legibility nd speed. s occuptionl therpists build their clinicl resoning skills, they re ble to observe child struggling to write or view child's distorted, unredble hndwriting nd identify suspect performnce components interfering with written communiction. For exmple,

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Personal Development Plan - Essay Example It shall also evaluate team building theories and the implications for effective management of practice. Finally, this paper shall justify my managerial style within the workplace. In effect, this paper shall critically analyse the evidence base for the action plan with the application of current management theories. Discussion As stated in the personal development plan, I need to develop my communication skills. At present, my communication skills are limited and they need improvement; more particularly, my English speaking skills need improvement. Communication is an important part of effective management because it assists in my self-improvement and it aids in successful management (Adair, 2009, p. 4). By increasing reading materials, I can improve my reading and writing skills; and by enrolling in private English classes, I can improve my grammar and syntax, as well as my technical writing skills. These methods can help inject confidence into my speaking, reading, writing, and li stening skills (Lehman, 2007, p. 69). Improving communication is a basic need or skill which has to be fulfilled before I can move on to bigger goals. Fulfilling this need is very much in keeping with the theory as set forth by Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs (Outward Bound, 2007, p. 56). There are different theories and motivation and leadership, and these theories affect the management of organizations. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people start off fulfilling first their physiological needs and then go on to fulfil their safety, social, esteem, and finally self-actualization needs (Owston, n.d). People therefore can be motivated by their basic needs and also by other more noble goals or causes. For some employees, their motivation in working can start off with the basic need to feed their families (Marchionini, 2006, p. 42). At this stage, they would not look beyond the purpose of their work besides feeding themselves and their family. However, once t heir basic purpose is served, they go beyond that basic goal into higher goals – perhaps, that of saving for their family, and later serving humanity through their work (Marchionini, 2006, p. 42). In my case, my motivation for improving on my communication and eventually my information technology (IT) skills is to maximize use of our organizations’ IT programs. In terms of leadership, the loftier goal for many world leaders has been on the motivation of their armies – with one side insisting that his goal has more moral worth than the others (Owston, n.d). In this case, some leaders may see the need to deliver pain or threats in order to motivate, and others believe that doing so would not be effective ways of motivating people. In other ways, promising more tangible things like money, food, and even excitement can serve better ways of motivating people (Owston, n.d). In managing change, Maslow’s approach to leadership basically welcomes change because a member or even a leader eventually moves up in the hierarchy of needs. Once he fulfils a need, he has to change and move beyond that need on to bigger and better things (Koltko-Rivera, 2006, p. 302). Maslow’s theory therefore, handles and manages change well. McGregor divided human management into the

Dust bowl Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dust bowl - Research Paper Example Henderson, a member of an affected farming family, describes the years before the storms came as a golden age ( 2001, page 15) In the 1930s though things changed dramatically. It became a period of scarce rainfall and high winds, both of which passed over the very light, over worked, soils of the region. The storms began in 1931. In 1932, as described by Ganzel (2003) 14 storms were recorded, and each year the number increased. Farmers however continued to plough and sow, destroying the established grassland. The drought which lasted from 1934 to 1937, affected 27 states according to Nelson (undated) and in the Dustbowl area poor farming practice meant that there were no longer plants whose roots had held the soil together. Black blizzards ensued, especially from the north. This was when the strong winds lifted the light, loose top soil and swirled it around into dense, choking dust clouds. In some area the dust was so dense it acted more like snow, forming high drifts, and even comp letely covering some farm buildings. The winds were so strong at times that they could move heavy trucks ( Hankel, quoted by Ganzel, 2003) with winds of more than 100 miles per hour. The cattle were choked, and even preparing or eating a meal became almost impossible. Carlson (( quoted by Ganzel , 2003) said that :- The impact is like a shovelful of fine sand flung against the face. †¦People caught in their own yards grope for the doorstep. Cars come to a standstill, for no light in the world can penetrate that swirling murk... We live with the dust, eat it, sleep with it, watch it strip us of possessions and the hope of possessions. It is becoming Real. The result for farmers and their families was that 60% of the population was forced to quit the area, leaving in many cases farms they had lived on for several generations. According to Nelson (undated ) the devastation lasted until the rains finally returned in 1939, but by then skilled workers had left for farm land elsewhere or for the cities of the distant West. The Government was well aware of the problems and did try to help over an extended period. In 1933 President Roosevelt brought in the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act and the Farm Credit Act ( Segraves, 2012) to help farmers facing foreclosure, in many cases because crops had failed and animals had died. In September of the same year the Federal Surplus Relief Organization was set up after a public outcry about the waste of such things as meat. Agricultural goods, including cotton clothing, were sent to relief organizations. The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 allowed the government to nationalize large areas and then to control such things as grazing. This did a good job in halting any further deterioration caused by over farming methods, but did not actually reverse matters because the top soil was already lost. Nelson (undated) quotes from the Agricultural Year Book of 1934 :- Approximately 35 million acres of formerly cultivated land have essentiall y been destroyed for crop production. . . . 100 million acres now in crops have lost all or most of the topsoil; 125 million acres of land now in crops are rapidly losing topsoil. Early in 1935 the Government a Drought Relief Service designed to co-ordinate efforts from a number of agencies. This service bought up cattle from

Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free

Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Much of the research since the late 1950s on the development of role taking and moral judgments has its roots in the research conducted by Piaget in the 1920s. One thrust of Piagets theorizing in his earliest writings dealt with the proposition that children progress from an egocentric to a perspectivistic state. He proposed that children younger than 6 or 7 years of age do not clearly differentiate between self and others or between thoughts (the psychological) and external events. A consequence of the failure to differentiate the self from others is that the child is unable to take the perspective of another person. For instance, in communicating with others the child is unable to take into account the requirements of the listener. A consequence of the failure to differentiate thoughts from external events is that the child attributes an objective reality to internal mental events such as dreams. A major developmental transition was posited to occur when the child shifts from an egocentric state to one in which the self is differentiated from others and there is the ability to take anothers perspective. (Angela M. ODonnell, Alison King, 1999) However, the most extensive research in a social domain undertaken by Piaget during this early period dealt with childrens moral judgments. Those were also the only studies on moral development to be done by Piaget. Three specific aspects of Piagets moral development theory had a substantial influence on later research. One was the characterization of moral development as a process of differentiating moral from nonmoral judgments. The second was the proposed interrelations between general cognitive orientations and moral judgments. And the third was the proposed relations between changes in perspective-taking abilities and changes in moral judgments. (Jacques Montangero, Danielle Maurice-Naville, Angela Cornu-Wells, 1997). Piaget proposed that children progress through two moral judgment levels (following an early premoral phase), the first being labeled heteronomous (generally corresponding to ages 3 to 8 years) and the second labeled autonomous. In the heteronomous level, the child has unilateral respect for adults (regarded as authority) and morality is, therefore, based on conformity. The right or good is seen by the child as adherence to externally determined and fixed rules and commands. The young childs morality of conformity and unilateral respect becomes transformed into a morality of cooperation and mutual respect. The basis for the autonomous level is the emergence of concepts of reciprocity and equality. At this level, rules are viewed as products of mutual agreement, serving the aims of cooperation, and thus are regarded as changeable. (Gwen Bredendieck Fischer, 1999). In formulating the levels of heteronomy and autonomy, Piaget studied childrens judgments about several specific issues, including rules, punishment, intentionality, lying, stealing, and distributive justice. A brief description of the levels can be provided by considering some of the studies of childrens thinking about rules and about intentionality in situations involving property damage, deceit, and theft. The definitions of the moral levels were derived, in part, from the way Piaget had framed childrens general cognitive capacities. Two presumed characteristics regarding the increasing differentiations that occur with development were relevant. One proposed characteristic was the childs egocentricism, the failure to clearly distinguish the selfs perspective from that of others. A second relevant feature was the young childs failure to differentiate the physical world from social and mental phenomena; young children confuse the subjective and objective aspects of their experience. (Richard I. Evans, Eleanor Duckworth, 1973) According to Piaget, one concrete manifestation of young childrens inability to differentiate perspectives and to differentiate the physical from the social is their attitudes toward social rules. It was proposed that children at the heteronomous level view all social rules as absolute. The inability to take the perspective of others leads the child to assume that everyone adheres to the same rules. There is a failure to comprehend the possibility that rules may be relative to the social context or to an individuals perspective. In turn, there is an inability to clearly distinguish physical from social phenomena that leads to a confusion of social regularities with physical regularities, such that social rules are seen as fixed in much the same way as are physical regularities. For instance, Piaget maintained that children regard rules of games as unchangeable; they believe it would be wrong to modify the rules of a game even if they were changed by general consensus. (Harry Morgan, 1997) Another manifestation of the young childs cognitive confusions is that judgments of right and wrong are based on the material consequences of actions, rather than the actors intentions or motives. Piaget examined the relative importance that children attribute to intentions and consequences in situations involving material damage, lying, and stealing. Younger children, it was found, attribute greater importance, in judging culpability, to amount of damage (e. g. , breaking the 15 cups accidentally is worse than breaking one cup intentionally), whereas older children attribute more importance to the intentions of the actor. Similarly, younger children assess the wrongness of lying or stealing, not by the motives of the actor, but by their quantitative deviation from the truth or the amount stolen. In judgments about theft, for instance, children judging by consequences would say that stealing a larger amount to give to a very poor friend is worse than stealing a lesser amount for oneself. (R. Clarke Fowler, 1998). In contrast with the heteronomous level, at the autonomous level respect is no longer unilateral, rules are not viewed as absolute or fixed, and judgments are based on intentions. Piaget proposed that these changes are stimulated by the increasing interactions with peers (such as in school) and the decreasing orientation to relations with adult authority that usually occurs during late childhood. Relations with authorities (parents, teachers, etc. ), he maintained, are likely to lead to conformity and an attitude of unilateral respect on the part of the young child. That is, the child feels that the authorities are superior and that their dictates are right by virtue of their superior status. In order for the shift from a heteronomous to an autonomous orientation to occur the child must more clearly differentiate the self from others and, thereby, be able to take the perspective of others. Relations with adult authorities who impose external rules upon the child are likely to reinforce a heteronomous orientation, whereas relations with peers are more likely to stimulate attempts to take the perspectives of others. Therefore, through increasing interactions with those he or she can relate to on an equal footing, the child is stimulated to view his or her own perspective as one among many different perspectives. In the process, mutual respect replaces unilateral respect for authority and the bases of a sense of justice reciprocity, equality, and cooperation emerge. Rules are then regarded as social constructions, based on agreement, that serve functions shared by the participants of social interactions. The increasing awareness of others perspectives and subjective intentions leads to judgments that are based on intentionality rather than consequences. (John H. Flavell, 1963) In addition to the connections to general cognitive capacities, Piagets characterization of moral judgments was a global one in that development was defined as entailing a progressive differentiation of principles of justice (ought) from the habitual, customary, and conventional (is). In essence, the claim was that concepts of justice do not emerge until the autonomous stage. Thus, the heteronomous morality of constraint and unilateral respect is a morality of custom, convention and tradition, while autonomous morality of mutual respect and cooperation prevails over custom and convention. Prior to the development of concepts of justice, therefore, the child must progress through the simpler, conformity-based conventional orientation. In sum, Piaget proposed a model of development as the differentiation of domains of knowledge. Only at more advanced stages are moral judgments and knowledge of the social order (or even morality and physical law) distinguished. It is precisely on this basis that Piaget thought it was methodologically valid to examine childrens concepts of rules of marble games as a means to understanding their moral reasoning. (Christopher M. Kribs-Zaleta, DLynn Badshaw, 2003) Piagets professional career has been devoted to exploring the possibilities of a psychological theory of relativity. In this approach neither the subject, who knows, nor the object, which is known, have absolute status. Each is conditioned on the other within a continually changing framework. Change occurs through interchanges of actions and reactions. Actions of the subject are like probes equivalent to statements by which the subject says: I think you, the object, are such and such. When acted upon, objects act back, revealing who and what they are. Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Sharon J. Derry, 1998) Piagets contribution to the study of knowledge has been to escape the philosophic traps of subjectivity and objectivity. The former makes knowledge a self satisfying concoction where, for the sake of consistency, the subject creates concepts of objects and reality. This position tends toward error through failure to come to grips with the facts of reality. It puts the subject in control of deciding what reality is and, in the extreme, allows distortion for the sake of maintaining the subjects version of how things ought to be. Objectivity errs at the other end and, in its extreme, denies self-initiated definition, making the subject only a valid recorder of reality. Distortion can occur either through exposure to odd circumstances or through breakdowns in the subjects recording devices. The position of relativity seeks solution to both problems. Its clearest expression is found when both subject and object are given defining powers in their interactions. There is double agency, with the object telling what it is just as forcibly as the subject reveals itself through its actions. (Hans G. Furth, 1987) With interactions as the basic reality, the context of knowledge is dynamic. It is also the means to knowledge insofar as subject and object are able to extract orderly relations from their interactions. These relations among actions and reactions color definitions of both agents. They are the medium for knowing and provide the terms by which subject and object attain their forms. This is why, for example, Piaget argues that space, number, and the like, remain open to redefinition throughout development. Numbers are not things to be grasped but are products from relations abstracted from subject-object interactions. True relations become expressed through numbering operations, which coordinate actions of the subject as well as reactions of objects. It appears that Piagets approach is unique among contemporary psychological theories by its treatment of relations as the topic of knowledge. Relations are primary, with subject and object being their products. For other theorists, these terms are reversed; subject and object are posited and relations come secondarily. In Piagets scheme, neither subject nor object ever gets to know one another with certainty. Together they can work only toward relations that are reliable. Validity is always a relative matter, depending on current relations, which remain open to further redefinition. (Arthur J. Baroody, Alexis Benson, 2001) This point no doubt has stymied most attempts to bring Piagets work into the mainstream of psychological theories. It is like the essential key without which notes may sound similar but actually render a different song. The stumbling block is evident, for example, in the many ways phenomena originally generated by Piagets position have undergone alteration when considered from the view of more familiar theories. Conservation provides the most telling illustration. Few, if any, of these alternative explanations deal with or care to deal with the phenomenon as a conservation of a subject-object relation. The more common explanation states that number or amount is conceived as constant through physical changes in the object. Within Piagets framework, the physical changes are said to remain constant; they are understood as but two versions of a single relation. The relation is between number- or amount-making actions, with their products made ostensible in the reactions of cubes, chips, or clay. Leslie Smith, Julie Dockrell, Peter Tomlinson, 1997) There is a tendency among contemporary theorists to credit Piaget with having shown that children are cognitively active and control rather than being controlled by external objects or other persons. This emphasis has clouded the fact that objects and persons are not benign, simply waiting for children to transform them into this or that conception. In order to put relations in clear relief, it is helpful to give these things their proper due in knowledge. It helps even to anthropomorphize their role. Objects are as active as children. They move, change shape, enlarge in size, fall off tables, roll, and otherwise respond when they are contacted. Each reaction is reciprocal to something children do. In the case of conservation, to use an example often cited by Piaget, the child who plays with pebbles in his or her back yard may come to understand number making operations because the stones react as they do to his or her manipulations. That which remains constant in making a row, then a circle, then a tower, and next two columns is only the relation among these actions from the child and the several reactions of the pebbles. (Leonora M. Cohen, Younghee M. Kim, 1999). It is now possible to outline the meaning of relations in the social domain where knowledge is based on interactions between the child and other persons. The following sketch highlights the general points of the theory. (a) Children enter the world as actors, seeking order and regularity. This search describes their inherent motivation for knowledge. b) Children look for order first in their own actions by attempting to find that which is repeatable and reliable in execution of actions. (c) Insofar as actions make contact with other things, or persons, effects of actions are not solely under the control of the child. These things react in reciprocity to the actions exerted upon them and together the action and reaction produce effects that differ from those that would result from either alone. (d) This fact of double agency naturally widens childrens focus from action to interaction. Because other agents act in reciprocity to childrens actions, children are forced to seek explanations for change and order in the interplay between actors. The foregoing points can be summarized as follows. Suppose the child intends that an action have a particular outcome or effect. The child then executes the act in accordance with this intention. Suppose also that the act engages another person who adds to the original act with a reaction. The coupling of these actions may have an effect that is different from the childs intention or anticipation in performing the original act. It would be futile to seek order either in the childs or the other persons parts, alone. This is why for Piaget, the child is led to seek a solution in the coupling and arrives at the conclusion that the actions of persons are reciprocally related. This is also why Piaget contends that naive egocentrism ends most probably during the childs first year. To maintain an egocentric posture, a child would have to deny the facts of reciprocity made evident through the thousands of interactions experienced in everyday dealings with other persons. Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2001) (e) Thereafter, the childs search for order turns to identifying the forms of reciprocal relations that occur in interpersonal interactions. (f) Piaget suggests that there are two such forms. One is a direct and symmetrical reciprocity where ones action is free to match or counter the others action. The second is a reciprocity of complement where ones action must conform to the dictates set down by the others action. g) These two forms describe the basic relations in which people order themselves as actors with respect to other persons, who are also actors. They provide the epistemic unit from which self and other achieve definition. (h) For Piaget, development proceeds as these relations are structured and restructured. They give rise to social and moral conceptions that pertain to the self, other persons, possible relations among persons, and principles of societal functioning, both practical as well as ideal. (Gavin Nobes, Chris Pawson, 2003)

OPEC CARTEL Essay Example for Free

OPEC CARTEL Essay â€Å"OPEC As a CARTEL† There are two kinds of extreme market structure and they are perfect competition and imperfect competition. In a perfectly competitive market there are many numbers of sellers and many numbers of buyers selling and buying homogeneous products, therefore there is very little impact of a single buyer or seller changing the price of his/her product. In an imperfect competitive market there are few sellers and these sellers have some control over the prices and output of the product. Here, in this kind of market the whole market is affected by an individual changing his/her product price. In USA most of the industries fall between these two extreme market structures. But in this essay we’ll talk about oligopoly. It is imperfect competitive market state therefore here there are few no. of sellers. Oligopoly covers many kinds of industrial behaviours and structures because of its broad nature. Oligopoly is a market condition where few numbers of sellers (oligopolists) come together and form a market or an industry. An oligopoly may have 2 firms or 20 firms, selling and producing differentiated or undifferentiated products and services. There are few participants in this market structure therefore each participant is aware about the activities of other participants. The decisions are influenced by one another. As this market is operated by few firms, the price of the product and the quantity of production is fixed by the firms itself keeping in mind their self-interest and self-respect. Sellers (oligopolists) are acting and cooperating like a monopolist – producing a small amount of quantity of goods and selling these goods at a price higher than the marginal cost. These are some of the powerful incentives at work which hinder a group of firms from maintaining the monopoly outcome. An oligopoly is operated under imperfect competition; they follow a kinked  demand curve which shows that inelasticity below the market price and elasticity above the market price, offering differentiated services and products they have strong barriers to entry. Kinked demand curve is downward sloping curve. There is a discontinuity at the bend – the â€Å"kink†. Due to this there is a discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve. The demand above the kink is relatively elastic, therefore all other firms’ prices remains unchanged and demand curve after the kink the demand will be inelastic, therefore all the firms will have similar price cut, eventually leading to a price war. The best way to overcome this problem is to produce at the point E that is the equilibrium point and, coincidently the kink point. There are many industries in oligopoly conditions are automobile, cigarette, malt beverages (beer), small arms ammunition, oil and petroleum, etc. There are many kinds of oligopolies, a number of different oligopoly models have been structured. But we are going to further discuss about the structure of CARTEL. But before that if u examine all oligopoly models have a similar thing i.e. ‘The behaviour of any given oligopolistic firm depends on the behaviour of other firms in the industry comprising oligopoly’. According to the traditional economic theory the producer who is at the stage of profit maximizing and also has some market power (either due to oligopoly or monopolistic competition) would have set marginal cost equal to marginal revenue i.e. MC=MR. A cartel is an organisation of independent firms coming together, to control and limit the production and increase and decrease of price and profit. Cartels can be formed in an informal or formal manner with the agreement of every member. Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry. The main aim of cartel is to increase individual profits by reducing competition. There are two kinds of cartels: Private cartels and Public cartels. In a public cartel there is involvement of government and such cartels are legally formed. Private cartels are formed by few industries and are subject to legal liability under antitrust laws now found in every country of the world. Private cartels have to often face competition laws. Private cartels are recognized and fragmented by the competition policy by most of the countries in the world. But finding out cartels and further proving them is very difficult because firms are not so careless to put such agreements on papers. Antitrust authorities have found that in last 200 years price increase achieved by cartels is almost 25%. There was a 28% price hike in private international cartels (cartels formed by one or more nations). Domestic cartels where at 18%, less than 10% domestic cartels failed to raise the market price. This study was possible after several economic studies and legal decisions. There are some differences in public and private cartels. It is said that public cartels are less harmful than private cartels because they are operated in the presence of government private cartels are more effective and, hence, possibly harmful, though there is no proof to prove this right. Government has all the authorities to establish and enforce the rules relating to prices, output and other such matters; this is in the case of public cartels. Examples of public cartels are export cartels and shipping conferences. There are also depression cartels permitted in some countries this type of cartel helps in stabilising the required price and production. For example, in Japan such type of cartel is allowed in steel, aluminium smelting, ship building and various chemical industries. In United States during the time of great depression of 1930, in industries such as coal mining and oil production public cartels were allowed by United States and they also remained after the World War-II. Germany’s economy was also affected by these cartels during the inter–war period. There were international cartels formed between governments of some nations by signing an agreement it was called as international commodity agreement which covered products such as coffee, sugar, tin, and oil (OPEC). Private Cartels are having huge different than public cartels, an agreement is signed on terms and conditions that provide mutual advantages, these terms and conditions should not be detected by outside parties. Private cartels are responsible for violating the antitrust Laws. Game theory means studying the oligopolistic behaviour of a series of strategic actions of a firm and reaction of the rival firm. According to this theory cartels are unstable, due to the behaviour of members of a cartel is like the behaviour of a player who has a dominant strategy in a game. If a member does not abide by the rules in the agreement that member will make more profit than by following the agreement. The situation would be worse if all the partners break the agreement. Cartels do not sustain for a long run because members have cheating incentives. A Cartel can exist for only 5 to 10 years this was found by deep study of cartel. If the members intend to cheat on the agreement in order to earn short term profit so that they could cover the long term losses this depends on the situation if they have short term profits through break down of cartel than they’ll possibly break it down. How difficult it would be for a firm to, find out that other firms are following the agreement or not. If the other firms are not following than they are cheating and therefore the cartel becomes unstable. There are few ways to keep watch on a cartel: 1) Number of firms in the industry, 2) Characteristics of the products sold by the firms, 3) Production cost of each member, 4) Behaviour of demand, and 5) frequency of sales and their characteristics. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was initially created with efforts of 5 countries and then later on joined by 9 other countries. It is an intergovernmental organization which was formed by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, on September 10 – 14, 1960, in Baghdad. These five founding members were later on joined by nine other members: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962-2009), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirate (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Angola (2007), Gabon (1975-1994). Ecuador suspended its membership from December 1992 – October 2007. Initially headquarter of OPEC was in Geneva, Switzerland, and after 5 years it was moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965. OPEC was found with some objectives. The objective of OPEC is to manage and unify petroleum polices among member countries and thereby secure the stability in the prices for petroleum producers. It was necessary that flow  is maintained in supplying petroleum at an economical rate, to the consuming countries, provided that the members investing in this industry get a fair return of capital. They also have a unique strategy that is allotting the production quota to a member country. This system helps in maintaining and stabilizing the price to a certain level. Developing its collective vision with some objectives and creating its secretariat, in Geneva and then in 1965, in Vienna, OPEC adopted a ‘Declaratory Statement of Petroleum Policy in Member countries’ in 1968. This policy stated that it is absolute right of the member nations to have a permanent rule over their natural resources and use them in order to increase the rate of national development. During 1970s OPEC became an international importance in the world market of petroleum and crude oil, it had a full control over the pricing. During this period there was a steep price rise in petroleum products. In 1980s the prices began to fall down as people started shifting from petroleum products. OPEC’s market share fell heavily to the third of the early rise. At this time member countries had to bare a heavy loss, but soon they regained their position with a little price hike almost half the early rise. OPEC started recovering its market share slowly. During the period of 1990s OPEC had a fall in prices same as it had in 1980s, but it had a solid recovery this time. During this period the prices were stable at some extent than in 1970s and 1980s. One of the member nation left OPEC and one suspended its membership. In 21st century OPEC had an innovative plan which helped in stabilising the prices of petroleum products in early years. The prices began to rise from 2004 and still it’s rising. During this decade one member activated its membership and another member suspended it. OPEC has not proved to be a successful cartel because it was unable to control the prices of petroleum products. Though OPEC had few members and that helped in reducing the conflicts. It was easy for the members to monitor one another’s activities and thereby adhering to the agreement. It was also easy to coordinate the price policy and the output policy according the agreement. It is simpler to form a cartel with few members. OPEC as a cartel is working effectively because 3/4th of its oil reserve is regulated by four countries they are: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran. There is only one threat to OPEC as a cartel, and that is increased production by  non-members. In the short run the price elasticity of demand for oil is quite low, according to this statement if enough production restrictions are implied than it will give a price hike this is a favourable environment for a cartel. Following this in 1973 OPEC contributed to two third of the total oil production of the world. Today if we compare the prices of crude oil than they are much higher than the early stages. To survive for such long period of 50 years OPEC had to face many challenges to fulfil its objective. The first challenge in front of OPEC is how to overcome the problem of supply of crude oil in all the countries keeping in mind the interest of the member countries of OPEC. Initially OPEC used to supply its crude oil to all type of countries like developing countries, under developed countries and developed countries but later on it was not able to fulfil the demand as it kept on increasing. Therefore, OPEC decided to first fulfil the demand of those countries with greater need and who provided with a fair deal and then look forward to those countries that had less demand for crude oil and offered a cheap deal. This decision was taken keeping in mind its own profit. The second challenge for OPEC is the NON-OPEC countries i.e. countries which are not members of OPEC. If these countries started production at high rate then these countries would take the major market share of OPEC and that was not good for member countries. NON-OPEC countries had no restrictions in production and pricing of crude oil. These NON-OPEC countries would take the short run profits because they can vary their prices. The third problem faced by OPEC is that United Nations (UN) was constantly pressuring OPEC in order to stop the wastage of gas which is emitted in high amount due to the usage of old technology. Technological issue is the fourth challenge for OPEC because they used old technology and to install new one it would take time and the market demand would not be fulfilled. Updating the technology was a big issue. The fifth issue was about maintaining large reserves of crude oil in order to sustain the sudden shift in demand. The sixth that is the last challenge is in the form of question that how OPEC can overcome the financial problems occurring during the production of oil because producing oil needs heavy capital investment? There is a big risk taking and uncertainties involved in this process and these uncertainties can be overcome with the help of proper  planning. If OPEC is unable to fulfil the challenge than there, is a fear of losing the whole market share against the NON-OPEC countries. Analysis of OPEC’s behaviour can be done through certain aspects. First, relying on a structural model is better than relying on the estimation approach. According to the analysis done in first step, in last 25 years all the theoretical models constructed for OPEC should be taken and then they should be properly tested. After this we compare and contrast it with equilibrium model of dynamic oligopoly. In the second step we consider organization as a whole and not considering the supply functions of individual countries. By doing this we would be able to estimate the collusiveness of OPEC. This helps us in identifying the switching periods between collusive and non-cooperative behaviour. OPEC has its own collusive behaviour and in many cases there was break down and price war between member countries. Price of crude oil depends on the demand and supply of it. There can be different variations maybe low or high, in price of crude oil, due to the imbalance in demand and supply – maybe little demand and more supply or more demand and little supply. The price of crude oil will be high if demand is more and supply is less and price will be low if supply is more and demand is less. Sometimes the prices fall down due to the non-cooperative act of members of OPEC or due to going against the agreement and cheating. Sometimes the reason for high price of crude oil may be other factors like taxation, governments of the countries of the world, natural disasters, etc. Factors like transportation, climate, capital, machinery, cost of production, etc. affect the prices of crude oil. As other cartels, OPEC also tries to raise the prices of crude oil by reducing the quantity of production of crude oil. When the price raises each member of cartel wants to increase the production by going against the agreement, so that they can get large amount of profit. OPEC member countries frequently agree to the reduction of production but then they cheat on the agreement. During the period of 1973-1985 OPEC was successful in maintaining the high-prices of crude oil, with the help of cooperation of  member countries. The price of crude oil per barrel rose steeply from $3 per barrel in 1972 to $11 per barrel in 1974 and then to $35 in 1981. After that there was absence in maintaining cooperation between member countries due to the argument on the topic of increasing production. Due to this the prices of barrel fell down by $13 per barrel in 1986. In this case OPEC has failed to work effectively because it was lacking in coordination and cooperation between member countries and this resulted in the instability of price of crude oil. According to the study there are approximately 1.5 trillion barrels of oil reserve in world. Out of which 81.33% i.e. 1193 billion barrels, is with the member countries of OPEC. In 2010, OPEC member countries produced 29.2 million barrels per day of crude oil that is about 41.8% of the world total output; this has increased to 69.7 million barrels per day. According to OPEC they have sufficient crude oil reserves that can last for 112 years. According to OPEC’s World Energy Model (OWEM) the demand for crude oil in 2006 was 84.7 million barrels per day. Due to the continuous growth in world’s economy the demand for crude oil in 2015 will rise to 96.1 million barrels per day, 102.2 million barrels per day in 2020 and 113.3 million barrels per day in 2030. OPEC as a cartel was unsuccessful to a certain extent and successful to a certain extent. There was high variation observed in prices of crude oil due to the instability of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Lack of cooperation and coordination amongst the members of OPEC was seen because each individual member was tempted to earn high amount of profits and therefore he/she would cheat with the agreement. There was one thing observed that, when the price of crude oil rise than the members of OPEC intend to go against the agreement and they try to increase their production in order to earn short-run high profits. During any crisis in the world OPEC was not able to keep itself steady. There were some technological related issues with the members of OPEC. They used the old machinery to produce the crude oil and to overcome that they started updating their machineries, but during this period they were unable to handle the market demand for crude oil and therefore t hey failed to provide it to other  countries which resulted in price hike. If innovation is carried out properly than the cost of production will reduce to certain point and this will react in high rise in demand in international market, which will directly affect the profits of members of OPEC. In conclusion I would like to say that OPEC is a best form of oligopoly and both suit to each other because of the continuous development of OPEC as a cartel. In past 50 years OPEC has faced many heavy tasks; it failed to fulfil some tasks but still tried to recover the losses. OPEC has the largest oil reserve in the world. Amongst the NON-OPEC countries main competitor of OPEC is U.S.A because it has one of the largest reserves of crude oil. If we see in today’s market than OPEC as a cartel has a higher market share and it is the longest and largest living oil producing organization. OPEC is one of the longest survived cartels in the world. REFRENCE 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel 2) http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm 3) http://www.scribd.com/doc/55875469/Oligopoly-OPEC 4) http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/179.htm 5) Principles of Microeconomics (Indian edition) 4th edition, by N. Gregory Mankiw, published by Cengage learning India Pvt. Ltd., 356-357 6) Principles of Economics 8th edition, by Karl E. Case and Ray C. Fair, published by Dorling Kindersley India Pvt. Ltd., 310-311

Analysing The Fostering Industry Social Work Essay

Analysing The Fostering Industry Social Work Essay The Competitor analysis consists of finding out how other firms compete with fostering solutions in the market. What they are doing or providing that make them different from fostering solutions and how fostering solutions can improve upon to become a more efficient, much more profitable and recruit more foster carers. This has been done by understanding the current situation of the fostering industry, the challenges its facing. Also the role the local authority plays in fostering industry and finding where the demand exists across UK. After this the competitors are assessed have been assessed on turnover, profit margin, ofsted ratings, location, services provided, placements provided and foster carer allowance paid. This gives an idea as to how these firms compete directly with fostering solutions in the industry. Competitor analysis The fostering industry is going through a phase of challenges. There is a shortage of over 10000 foster care families in UK. Because of this local authorities in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are forced to make placement of children with respect to available vacancy rather than meeting best needs of child.(fosteringnet,2010)Accurate information on the number of foster carers in each country and number of foster carers recruited by each independent agency is less readily available, but statistics compiled by the fostering network for England by Ofsted suggest that there has been an increase in number of foster carers by 12.6% since 2004. However the growth was only 7.2% in England whereas it was up by 60% in Wales. (updatecostfostercare, 2010) A report from researchers at Loughborough Universitys Centre for Child and Family Research (CCFR) and leading charity the Fostering Network has identified a shortfall in funding for foster care in the UK.  The Cost of Foster Ca re, a report published about the fostering industry analysis, shows that fostering industry is an underfunded service, with a need of around  £580 million across the UK immediately to develop a efficiently resourced fostering service that fulfils the needs of children in care.(lough,2010) Following the Governments decision to assert the local authorities more flexibility on making savings, the Fostering Network is of the belief that any reduction in spending on foster care would make the system ineffective, unsustainable and hinder the improvements made in outcomes for children. It warns funding for foster care must be maintained otherwise societys most vulnerable children will suffer. Fostering is under immense pressure due to year-on-year increases in the number of children coming into care and the chronic shortage of 10,000 foster carers. (bbc,2010) Statistics on looked after children There are over 83,000 children and young people looked after in the United Kingom. Out of these children, around 70,000 are looked after away from home, over 54,000 of whom (around 77 per cent) live with at least 45,000 foster families.(fosteringnet1, 2010) Statistics by nation The statistics below provide a picture of the care system on just one day of the year. Many more children and young people move in and out of public care over the course of 12 months. England As of 31 March 2009 60,900  children have been looked after. Over  three fourths  of children are being looked after away from home (44,200 or 78 per cent) were living with foster carers. It is estimated that in England there are at least  37,000 foster families.   An estimate by the fostering network shows a shortage of at least 8200 foster carer families. (fosteringnet1, 2010) Northern Ireland As of 31 March 2009 2463 children have been looked after. Around sixty six percent  of children looked after away from home (1,607 or 65 per cent) were  living with foster carer families. It is estimated that in the Northern Ireland there are approximately  1,800 approved foster families  of which 450 are family and friends carers. An estimate by the Fostering Network shows a  shortage  of around 200 long-term foster families.(fosteringnet1, 2010) Scotland As of March 2009 around  15,288  children are looked after by local authorities in Scotland out of which  around 6,366  are children looked after away from home and their family. Over  two thirds  of children being looked after away from home and their family (4,497 or 71 per cent) were living with foster carer families. There are approximately  3,300  foster families  in Scotland. An estimate by the Fostering Network shows there is a  shortage  of at least  1,700 foster families.(fosteringnet1, 2010) Wales As of 31 March 2009 around 4,705  children looked after. Over  four fifths  of children looked after away from home (3,630 or 86 per cent) were living with foster carers. Approximately 3000 foster families are there in Wales. An estimate by the Fostering Network shows there is a  shortage  of at least  750 foster families in Wales. (fosteringnet1, 2010) Demand Local authorities were asked how many foster families they would have to recruit in order to offer placement choice to the children in their care. Placement choice means having a sufficiently wide pool of foster families so that each child can live with a family that meets their individual needs.(fosteringnet2, 2010) England  8,200 of which North West 1,700 North East 1,300 West Midlands 650 East Midlands 450 East 650 South West 600 South East 850 London 2,000 Northern Ireland  200 (updated in March 2009) Scotland  1,700 (May 2005 figure) Wales  750 (fosteringnet2, 2010) There is maximum demand for foster carers in London and North West of England. Research by the Fostering Network also found 82% of local authorities saw a rise in the number of children coming into care and needing foster homes in 2009-10. (bbc, 2010) Local authority as a competitor When a porters 5 forces model is developed, the local authority is a supplier, buyer as well as a competitor in this industry. The local authority buy the service of the fostering agency, they supply the children for placement to the fostering agencies and they also place children on their own hence they are a competitor. Comparison of Approved foster carers in year 2008-2009 between Local authorities and Independent Fostering agencies Local Authority Independent agencies Total number of foster carers approved 3423 2088 Total number of foster carers held as 23195 9893 on 31 march 2009 Comparison of placements provided between Local authorities and Independent fostering agencies in year 2008-2009 Total number of long term placement 6146 3758 Total number of continuing care placement 1655 1149 Total number of time limited placement 12879 4877 Total number of emergency care placement 824 2013 Total number of intensive fostering placements 1016 874 Total number of treatment care placements 86 150 Total number of short break for disabled children 2876 398 Total number of short break for non disabled children 534 50 (fostering agencies and fostering services dataset,2010 ) The local authority has placed more children in the 2008-2009 period as compared to the independent fostering agencies and are therefore identified as one of the bigger threats to fostering solutions along with the top two fostering agencies Foster care associates and National foster association. On discussion with Michelle about this we came to a conclusion that the reason could be that local authorities do not strive for the inspection quality in their approval process that the independent agencies might be doing. And this was found out to be true when we chose 6 local authorities in random and checked their ofsted ratings. None of whom had outstanding ratings, 2 had satisfactory and 4 had good. (refer to appendix c1) Number of applications from prospective fostering households received Local Authority 7253 Independent agencies- 6607 The statistics show that even though the independent fostering agencies are providing better allowances the prospective foster carers prefer the local authority to independent fostering agencies. The reason here could be because local authorities are key authority in placing children to the foster carers. Hence the myth that if foster carers join the local authority fostering they could get children placed quicker with them. How many foster carers successfully completed the Childrens Development Workforce Councils certificate in Training, Support and development Standards for Foster Care? Local authority- 825 Independent fostering agencies- 529 (fostering agencies and fostering services dataset,2010 ) Local authorities are thus a serious competitor(substitute) for the independent fostering agencies. Competitor analysis-company reports The fostering industry is going through a challenge to recruit foster carers to look after children who are in abundance. In the fostering business agencies recruit foster carers, who are when placed with children or young people get paid for the placement from the local authority. In consultation with fostering solutions we have identified the top 9 independent fostering agencies who directly compete with fostering solutions in the industry. Foster care Associates National Fostering Agency Orange Grove SWIIS Pathways Barnardos Capstone Fostercare TACT By the Bridge Fostering In the Appendix C2 shows the turnover, profit margin, ofsted ratings, foster carer allowance paid comparison of the 9 competitors. Below is a detailed report on each of 9 fostering companies in terms of location, ofsted ratings, services provided, placements provided, number of employees and foster carer allowance paid. By doing so we can find out how each of these companies compete with Fostering solutions in the industry. After each company report we look at a findings/strategy/comparison section to emphasize how they compete in the industry and vs fostering solutions. Due to word limit a detailed analysis of services comparison is provided in the appendix. (refer appendix m3) Foster Care Associates Over 80 Offices in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. (fca1, 2010) Part of Core assets group. The Core Assets Group of Companies provides an international portfolio of social care services, offering innovative business solutions to the care sector. Foster care associates has subsidiaries in UK. Fostering First (Ireland ) Limited Fostering people Limited Outcomes (UK) Limited Fostering First International, a sister company  to Foster Care Associates Ltd, is  currently  located in 7 different countries:  Republic of Ireland,  Finland,  Sweden, Germany,  Australia,  New Zealand  and  Canada. (fcacorp, 2010) Services provided to foster carers(fca2, 2010) They provide a Respite of up to 21 nights per year. They avail the service of a Therapist They hold Regular group meetings held at local fca office They give Membership to foster talk They arrange for Organised activities They hold Foster care training program They provide for Children and young people support workers Placements provided(fca3, 2010) Emergency Short term Long term Respite Parent and child placement Placement for sanctuary seeking children and young people Placement for disabled children Short term breaks OFSTED ratings (ofsted,2010) 2 Outstanding and 7 good Foster carer allowance- 390 Pounds / Week (fca4, 2010) Financial data( FAME) th gbp 2008(data available only for financial year end 2008 Turnover 119612 Profit before taxation 10074 Number of employees 871 Key Issues and Facts(fca5,2010) 2400 children placed as of December 2009. Highest number of placements across all IFAs in the UK.(fca5,2010) Foster carer recruited in year of 2009 above 360 . 94% of local authorities present in England have partnered with them. They claim 66% of the Scottish Local authorities work as partners with them. They claim 95% of the local authorities present in Wales work as partners with them. They claim that 100% of Northern Ireland local authorities work in partnership with them. (fca6, 2010) Findings/Strategy/Comparison FCA have presence internationally whereas fostering solutions is based only in UK. Therefore having presence internationally could be a benefit to FCA over fostering solutions. There is a credibility, brand image and recognition that comes with being present in multiple countries. FCA has presence in North Ireland whereas fostering solutions has no office/branch in Northern Ireland. FCA have a monopoly in Northern Ireland as none of the 8 competitors and fostering solutions do not have an office there. *Turnover is the highest, but profit margin is not may be because the cost is also high. We assume that it could be because it maintains high cost to maintain quality and good service. *financial data of 31-12-2008 only was available for FCA. Thomson research database showed inconclusive data of FCA having round about same turnover for 2009. Services Therapist available for consultation for Fca, whereas Fostering solutions has no mention of providing such a service in their brochure.   Supporting foster carers in negotiating with schools and promoting the childs educational needs, no mention of providing such a service in their brochure. 21 days paid respite per year vs 2 weeks paid respite provided by fostering solutions FCA provides placement for disabled children which fostering solutions do not provide. On consulting with Michelle she highlighted the costs associated with providing such a service and the specialised staff that would be required. In addition to this she added that placement of disabled children is only a small number. Nonetheless its a way in which foster care associates are competing with fostering solutions since they have the staff and specialisation to provide the placement even if its for a small number of placements. Location Their major strengths are their presence in various locations across UK, with over 40 offices. They claim you are never more than 40 miles from an FCA office and their relationship with local authorities as highlighted above, since its the local authorities who are going to give them the placement for their foster carers. People prefer companies/agencies that are local in their presence in the fostering industry. Therefore FCA promotes themselves locally to be able to recruit foster carers efficiently. National fostering agency They are located at Cardiff, Lowestoft and Stirling with Head Office at Uxbridge.(nfa1, 2010) Services provided (nfa2, 2010) The national fostering agency believes that fostering is a service which is to be provided at a local level to be a successful fostering agency. They pride themselves in believing they provide a fostering service with local care and support along with national expertise. Most of the centralised functions occur through their head and regional offices, the key job involving high quality placements for children remains with the local foster carer. The National Fostering Agency claim the foster carers are supported on a 24 hour basis by local professionally qualified and experienced Supervising Social workers. The foster carers are provided support from a professionally qualified social worker They provide a 24 hour telephone advice and support to the foster carers. The provide one monthly visit and a weekly telephone call There are various training and development opportunities They provide foster carers the opportunity to meet with other foster carers at support groups The foster carers are given good financial support for caring for the child They provide membership of the Fostering Network to the foster carers. They provide good legal protection insurance The foster carers are provided regular foster carers news and information. Placements provided (nfa3, 2010) Emergency Placements Task Centred Placements Parent Child Placements Bridging Placement Long Term Placements Foster carer allowance 366 pounds GBP PW(nfa4, 2010) Financial Data FAME database th Gbp 2009 Turnover 43122 Profit before taxation 6623 Number of employees 171 OFSTED Ratings(ofsted, 2010) 2 good Findings/Strategy/Comparison When compared with fostering solutions NFA more or less provide the same range of basic services to foster carers. They have just 4 offices across the UK but their turnover and profit margin is more than fostering solutions. (appendix c2). Their way of operating is, all referrals for placements throughout the UK are managed by four teams located in their offices at Lowestoft, Uxbridge, Cardiff and Stirling. They work in close ties with the regional social workers and thus manage to provide efficient placements. Inspite of being present in only 4 locations their method of working closely with regional social worker staff gives them a local presence. NFA have an interesting strategy to recruit foster carers. They have advertised on job search websites such as reed and jobsite for foster carer recruitment. This strategy has been followed by a number of companies though fostering solutions have not used this method of recruiting foster carers.(reed, 2010) SWIIS Foster care Location ( sw1,2010) SWIIS Foster Care was formed in the year 2000 as an Independent Fostering Provider within the already successful SWIIS group of social care related companies. They have their Head office in London with 6 more offices/branches in England and 4 offices/branches in Scotland. Services provided (sw2,sw3, 2010) SWIIS is dedicated to creating the best opportunities for children and young people in foster care: They believe in creating the best outcomes for children and young people in foster care. They provide a comprehensive package of social work, education and health They work in close relations with placing authority social workers, local education, health and therapy providers They provide each child or young person with a care package that addresses all of their needs They claim to offer the best value for children, carers and placing authorities alike They claim to work with local authorities to help them meet required Performance Indicators They claim their placements provide demonstrable positive indicators of improvement for young people in the five key outcome areas namely being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being They provide all the approved SWIIS foster carers extensive pre and post approval training including the opportunity to take relevant social care training modules and NVQ programmes with the priority being given to issues such as Safer Caring and Managing Challenging Behaviour Health(sw3, 2010) They provide designated health professionals to support children for their health and is an outstanding provision in this area. Education They make sure every effort is taken to ensure children and young people can reach to their potential in education by dedicated staff. There are efficient resources in place to support the children with their education. Types of Placements available (sw4, 2010) short term placements longer term. bridging placements respite placements placements provided for all age groups which includes higher aged teenagers, sibling groups and disabled children. short notice unplanned placements provided. Foster carer allowance 400-580 £ PW- best in the industry.(sw5,2010) Financial Data th GBP 2009 Turnover 13362 Profit before taxation 1074 Profit margin 8.04% Number of employees 81 OFSTED ratings(ofsted- sw, 2010) 2 outstanding 3 good and 1 satisfactory Findings/Strategy/Comparison There is a designated education officer to help children with studies, no mention of any such service in fostering solutions brochure. There is a designated health officer to advice foster carers on health issues for the children, no mention of any such service in fostering solutions brochure. They provide the best financial package of all the fostering companies with 400 580ppw. This could mean since they provide the foster carer a high allowance, they could be charging the local authority a high amount. There is lack of data available regarding charges to local authority by independent agencies and children placed. By looking at their turnover and profit margin we can see that they have done well and ranked sixth in the turnover/profit margin index. This means they have been placing children from local authority to the foster carers.(refer to appendix c1 or above for turnover/profit margin) They have the specialisation and staff to provide placement for children with disabilities provided, whereas as we have already looked above fostering solutions do not. By The Bridge Fostering They have branches/offices at Sittingbourne, Kent, Regional offices in Essex and Warwickshire and West London. (bythebridge1, 2010) OFSTED Rating 1 Only one ofsted report was found at ofsted inspection reports. Outstanding (ofstedbythebridge, 2010) They achieved iso 9001 accreditation in 2009 Advertising board deal with crystal palace football club- Marketing strategy to increase its brand awareness and reputation. (bythebridge2, 2010) Therapeutic Fostering The by the bridge foster carers are committed and have a unique opportunity to enrol into a degree certificate in therapeutic fostering from the University of Greenwich. (bythebridge3, 2010) Financial data th GBP 2009 Turnover 10132 Profit before taxation 2451 Profit margin 24.19% Number of employees 40 Findings/Strategy/Comparison By the Bridge fostering is a small agency with just 40 employees, but they have higher profit before taxation than fostering solutions. This could be due to lesser administration overheads due to its small size. They are recruiting in East, South east, London and Midlands region.(refer to appendix c2) Its key to note that by the bridge fostering has the best profit margin of all the 10 agencies.( refer to appendix,c1) The foster carers are committed to a degree in therapeutic fostering. Thus they have an added incentive of becoming a foster carer as well as a chance to earn a degree certificate in therapeutic fostering. This could be a major attraction to foster carers in joining by the bridge fostering. This unique certificate in therapeutic fostering is provided which is a one year course covering transactional analysis theories combined with social work ideas to help understand what children and others do what they do and how can they be helped, no such service provided by fostering solutions. Orange Grove Location (og1, 2010) The Orange Grove fostering agency was taken over by Hillcrest foster care to operate under the Orange Grove Fostercare. They have 10 Offices in England. Types of placement available(og2, 2010) Teenagers Sibling groups Parent and baby for young people chance to become a parent Special needs Unaccompanied asylum seeking young people Solo placements Services provided to foster carers(og3, 2010) They provide a minimum of 12 supervision visits by a local Social Worker They provide additional support visits on a needs-led basis by our approved Social Workers or Family Support Workers There is a minimum of 1 unannounced visit per annum There is provision for 1 independently-led annual review per annum They provide Psychological support on a needs-led basis plus additional support groups/surgeries as required They provide Out of hours 365/24/7 on-call support service by local social work staff They provide 14 nights of respite They offer Retainer payments (subject to qualifying criteria)*** There is a monthly carer support meeting The agency will endeavour, with the help and support of carers, to ensure that all carers have a Schedule 3 Respite Carer in place*** They provide a published programme of regular training They provide training in Therapeutic Crisis Intervention (Fostering)/Management of Aggression with regular follow-up training They provide birthday, Festival and Holiday allowances at The Fostering Network rates There is a target of 4 regional activities per office for carers and children, e.g. Pantomime, Theme Parks, BBQs, etc They provide a weekend break for birth children They provide an independent Childrens Helpline to foster children and birth children They provide an Independent allegation support service Their Social Workers attend at all meetings, conferences, reviews, etc They provide Educational support There is an annual carer conference. Hillcrest ( Orangegrove ) Financial data th gbp 2008 Turnover 23993 Profit before taxation 1906 Profit margin 7.94 Number of employees 526 (FAME,2010) to be done referencing Foster carer allowance 320-461ppw (og4, 2010) OFSTED ratings(ofsted-og, 2010) 4 good 1 satisfactory Findings/Strategy/Comparison Services Target of 4 regional activities per office for carers and children, e.g. Pantomime, Theme Parks, BBQs, etc, no mention of providing such a service by fostering solutions in their brochure. -Training in Therapeutic Crisis Intervention, Birthday, Festival and Holiday allowances at the Fostering Network rates, Independent Childrens Helpline for foster children and birth children -Independent allegation support service, no mention of providing such a service by fostering solutions in their brochure. Strategy- orange grove provide a combination of an array of services to foster carers with an upper limit of allowance of 461ppw as compared to 390 being upper limit paid by fostering solutions. They are a strong competitor as they match with fostering solutions on services provided and also pay a competitive allowance whose upper limit is higher than fostering solutions. Barnardos Wide coverage in UK with presence in London, Yorkshire, Midlands, North West, Scotland, Cymru, Northern Ireland. (barnardos,2010) Fundraising Fostering and adoption Research and influencing practice Barnardos have more than around 100 years of experienced in the fostering industry. They have above 30 services recruiting a variety of carers across the United Kingdom. (barnardos, 2010) What facilities they give the foster carers They provide on-going relevant/specialist training They provide 24-hour advice and back-up They provide regular supervision from their friendly team Provision of a generous fee and allowance They provide careful and considered matching with a child They provide the opportunity to lead the way in setting the highest standards for children and young people in foster care. placements provided (baplacements, 2010) -permanent and long term -bridging placement -short term -emergency -parent and child Foster carer allowance- 100-200ppw (cypnow,2010) Current and future strategies and objectives making barnardos influencing work more effective looking to improve the extent to which lessons learnt from its work on the ground leaed to better outcomes for disadvantaged children. Brand and image enhancement- it recognises it needs to be better at explaining to the public exactly how it works and what it stands for so that it can generate more support for its influencing work- Believe in Children- Strap line. Implementing refreshed strategies for participation and volunteering. Increasing net return from fundraising Improving cost effectiveness of support functions both at head office and locally. Loss before taxation -27358 Profit margin Number of employees 7085 OFSTED RATINGS(ofsted-ba, 2010) 2 outstanding 8 good Findings/Strategy/Comparison They compete as a reputed company with 100 years experience in fostering. Its a charity organisation in existence for a long time with presence in number of countries. They do fostering also as a part of helping children and young people. Prospective foster carers might be attracted to foster with barnardos due to its brand name and reputation which could get them a placement quickly. They pay lower allowance to foster carers than any other company which means they might be charging the local authority less than any other independent agency. They being a charity organisation, the prospective foster carers could feel a sense of social cause attachment to the organisation and could be a big plus for an agency like barnardos. Capstone fostercare Locations 7 offices at Birmingham, Devon, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Somerset, Kent and London. (cap1, 2010) Services provided (cap2, 2010) All those preparing to become foster carers will attend two days of Skills to Foster training followed by one day of CWDC Workshop training. This gives a detailed picture of what fostering is about and looks more closely at developing the skills and kno

A Critique of DiLorenzos The Real Lincoln Essay -- Thomas J. DiLorenz

A Critique of the Real Lincoln The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War, by Thomas J. DiLorenzo completely shatters the illusion of the 16th President as the liberator of the slaves. DiLorenzo provides convincing evidence for Lincoln’s overt racism as expressed in his documented views on racial supremacy as stated in his desire to colonize all American blacks outside the United States (p. 4); Lincoln’s views were matched by the majority in the North who used such tools as state constitutional amendments to prohibit the emigration of black people into Northern states like Lincoln’s home of Illinois (p. 4); and that the Presidents war which killed 620, 000 Americans and destroyed 40% of the economy, was a singularly terrible, unjustified conflict given the proven success in the 19th century of the peaceful end to slavery through the policy of compensated emancipation (p. 4). DiLorenzo accordingly notes that, â€Å"Between 1800 and 1860, dozens of count ries, including the entire British Empire, ended slavery peacefully; only in the United States was war involved (p. 4). DiLorenzo documents that history’s claims that the abolition of slavery as the leading motive behind the Union’s aggression against the South is untrue. He states that Lincoln’s motives were economic and political and in no way altruistic. Lincoln did oppose slavery, but his opposition did not stem from any moral motive. He wished to preserve white labor, and to avoid artificial inflation of Southern representation in Congress under the three-fifths clause of the Constitution, under which every five slaves counted as three free persons for the purpose of allotting number of congressional seats. DiLorenzo explains that from th... ...ding Fathers had tried to institute through the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. Thomas DiLorenzo does a good job in documenting Lincoln’s ruthlessness and hypocrisy and how historians have covered it up. The founding fathers had a fear of federal governmental abuse. They saw state sovereignty as a protection. That’s why they gave us the Ninth and Tenth Amendments. I found this book very interesting and it makes you wonder what else we may have learned growing up that could be completely untrue according to your elementary school history books. I do however understand that there is two sides to every story and I wish DiLorenzo did a better job at explaining why history has painted Lincoln as such a hero. Works Cited DiLorenzo, Thomas. The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War. Three Rivers Press, 2003.

truama c-spine Essays -- essays research papers

Trauma C-Spine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This essay is not intended to criticize any emergency medical or hospital staff. I am writing this essay out of concern for patients who come into the emergency room that may have a jeopardized spinal cord resulting from an injury or suspected injury to their cervical spine. I am a certified emergency medical technician, farm-medic instructor and currently a medical diagnostic student doing clinicial's. In the United States each year there are approximately 10,000 reported cervical spine injuries that come into emergency rooms. Motor vehicle accidents account for approximately 45%, falls approximately 30%, the remaining 25% from sports and miscellaneous. Although only a small amount of these spinal injuries are life threatening, they all need to be treated as such. Survival of these patients depends on pre-hospital care, emergency room care and quality diagnostic radiographs, all done at times under extreme time restraints and pressure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number one goal in patient care is not to make any situation worse than it already is. Most pre-hospital care is usually done by emergency medical technicians. Their main concern is to assess, stabilize and transport the patient to a facility that can give additional care and treatment. The emergency room staff is the second step to the patient’s survival. Their duties include further stabilization, evaluation and treatment of the patients’ injuries. Radiographers are to supply ER doctors with quality diagnostic X-rays so they can make informed decisions about further patient care. Each of these groups need to be aware of what is involved with the other’s job, so that the patient will receive the best of care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emergency medical personnel are trained in the proper pre-hospital care of patients in the field. Pre-hospital care of patients suffering from suspected cervical spine injury involves making sure the patient has a patent airway. Placing a properly sized C-collar on the patient to stabilize the neck. Packaging the patient for transport to the emergency room, which involves proper placement and securing of patient on backboard, and making sure to secure the head and shoulders so there is no movement of these areas by the patient. While enroute to the hospital emergency room further assessment of patient can b... ...this! EMS responds to a motor vehicle accident and have to place a patient on backboard with a c-collar applied. The EMS crew just had a continuing education program presented by an X-ray technician that showed them what they could do to help speed up c-spine exam time and also help reduce patient risk, so the EMS crew removed the patients jewelry before they applied the c-collar. Upon arrival at the hospital the proper X-rays were ordered to evaluate the patient for cervical spine injury. The radiographer arrived with help to do the necessary exam. The patient was taken into the exam room and since the radiographers had just completed a continuing education program on patient care, where cervical spine injuries were involved, they were very careful when moving the patient. They kept the patient on the backboard and did not attempt to move the patient’s head or neck. The radiographers made sure that the films they showed to the doctors were of diagnostic quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Could this happen? Yes, if everyone involved was properly trained, took pride in their work and departments were adequately staffed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does this happen? I hope so.

10 Time Tested Tips To Quickly Avoid Plagiarism

Ten Tips on how to avoid plagiarism: Students’ GuideHow to Avoid Plagiarism?When writing a college essay or a research paper, chances are that you will need to consult various sources to develop your ideas. However, you must show where the ideas or quotes are coming from, otherwise, you would be accused of plagiarism. In this guide, we will explore how best to avoid plagiarism. First of all, let us just say that there are so many articles out there which try to explain avoiding plagiarism. As a matter of fact, when we asked Google, we came across over 308,000 results. Doing this research will get you some good recommendations, but beware bad recommendation including using free plagiarism checker. I will explain why in a second. We believe what drives everyone crazy is the fact that so many of these articles are written with the intent to promote a company than trying to provide valuable information. In other cases we came across information that was just seasonal. So, that’s what brings us to this particular topic, how to avoid plagirism. Let’s dive right in†¦ Simply put, plagiarism is any instance of taking another person’s or author’s ideas or research and representing it as your own. Most colleges and universities have advanced plagiarism detection systems, and if you are caught, you will get penalties. Here is brief guide that describes how to check for plagiarism. The consequences for being caught having plagiarising in your work can be very severe, with punishments ranging from exclusion from a course to expulsion from university; even – in some instances – to court hearings. However, plagiarism is not always committed intentionally; most plagiarised essays or dissertations are simply improperly referenced, or where students inadvertently mix their own ides with those of another, without referencing. We have already provided a guide that goes in a lot of detail regarding how to paraphrase essays and dissertations. Yes, this is all Plagiarism – Examples of Plagiarism If you use a friend’s essay to submit without changes as your own, or using a part of it to construct your own work, without referencing, and without adequate research, you will be accused of plagiarism. Universities have advanced systems to prevent cheating, and all dissertations, essays, and coursework are submitted through TurnItIn, a system that holds all student work from thousands of universities, and detects abnormal similarity levels. You can certainly check how Turnitin works, by clicking on this link provided here. Using copyrighted material from a website or online sources. You are not allowed to use some sources in your work, and this is clearly stated. This can be patents, invention, artwork, or even studies. Some sources you come across when doing your research will state that the content is copyrighted, or you need the author’s permission to use it. Building your argument on one particular work w ithout adequately referencing it. While you might not use direct quotes from the source, you still need to give credit either in the list of sources or in your footnotes, otherwise, you will be accused of plagiarism. Rewriting an original work. Some students want to save time and energy by using an original essay and trying to rewrite it using different phrases, without changing the meaning. Even though you might have a unique content, similarities will be revealed by the advanced systems universities use, and you will be caught. Direct quotes without adequate referencing. When quoting word-for-word, you need to use quotation marks, and make sure that you provide the author’s name and publication year, along with the page number, based on the required referencing style. Collusion. If you collaborate with other people to complete the essay, research, or course work, you need to acknowledge this in your essay. University Guidelines to Avoid Plagiarism When you start your course, you will be provided with a guide on how to avoid plagiarism by your institution. Make sure that you read through the guidelines, requirements for referencing, and the policies, in particular focus on the penalties issued for breaching the code of academic conduct. You also need to familiarise yourself with the referencing methods expected by your university. You can learn to incorporate Harvard Style or APA style thru our site, make sure you check out our site Journal. Tips on Avoiding Plagiarism If you use direct quotations from books, journal articles, or internet sources, always use a quotation mark, followed by the in-text reference, including the page number. If you use a website as a source, include the paragraph number instead of the page number. Reference all the sources you used. If the idea was mentioned and presented by more than one author and sources, you need to list them all, if you consulted with the papers. If you are referring to multiple sources highlighting an issue or explaining a phenomenon, give details of all of them. If you conduct interviews or ask for advice from experts, discuss your topic with other people, you have to reference their input. Find out how to reference interviews and personal correspondence to avoid plagiarism by checking out our APA referencing guide. Paraphrase. Instead of quoting everything word-for-word, you can integrate the literature you consulted with in a few sentences and provide a reference for each source. You do not have to be exact, and you will need to show your understanding of the idea by putting it into your own words. Check and double check your reference list. One of the most common mistakes students make is that they quote certain sources, but they forget to list them in their bibliography or works cited page. After you finish writing your essay or research paper, go through the content and check that all sources are included in the reference list. This is a habit that will help you avoid plagiarism. Provide a full reference for all internet sources. While you might be tempted to simply mention the name of the website you retrieved the information from, this is not acceptable in academic writing. You need to find out who the author of the blog post or article is, and include their name in your references along with the date of publication. If you do not know the name of the author, you can simply use â€Å"Anon†, but never omit this information. Check Cre ative Commons agreements. You might want to use an image of a company’s logo or store as an illustration for your dissertation and essay, however, you need to check the usage rights before you do. Always search images and graphics through the Creative Commons website, and only use sources you are allowed to. Use advanced tools to detect plagiarism. You can use different tools, such as Grammarly or PaperRater to detect plagiarism before you submit your essay or course work to your university. Always be wary of FREE plagiarism scanning tool. Some companies might take your work publish it later down the road or in some cases it might be online within weeks. So, to avoid any problems, it is always better to pay for scanning your Essays. Always make it clear who stated what. You need to avoid ambiguity and always place the in-text reference after the quote or paraphrase. This way, the reader can easily associate the thought with the source. When in doubt, always cite. Citing more than necessary is always better than omitting citations. Add references when you feel like your paper could benefit from them.How Does our site Ensure Quality with No Plagiarism?As many of you know our Brand is reputable and respected in the online content world. We employ staff that can deliver quality work with the guarantee of 2.1 quality document. In addition, we promise to provide our clients Quality work that is never plagiarised or copied from anywhere with unlimited Edits. Every piece of work that is handed to you will be custom written just for you. We guarantee it. As a matter of policy, our site always performs two Plagiarism checks on each document. Each work is scanned and checked internally before you get it. Each piece of work goes thru manual review to make sure a third party reviews each and every document. By doing so, we ensure our clients are protected. If you have any doubts, you could request a plagiarism report. Do You Need Help with Avoiding Plagiarism? If you would like to make sure that you avoid plagiarism in your essay, you can contact the professional academic editors at our site to look through, edit, and improve your citations. Contact us to get professional help. Check out our sample Essay: Money Makes the World Go Round Summary Reviewer John – our site Admin Review Date 2017-08-18 Reviewed Item How to Avoid Plagiarism? Author Rating 5